Title
Topic
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‘Quench Dynamics in the One-Dimensional Mass-Imbalanced Ionic Hubbard Model’
“Using the time-dependent Lanczos method, we study the non-equilibrium dynamics of the one-dimensional ionic-mass imbalanced Hubbard chain driven by a quantum quench of the on-site Coulomb interaction, where the system is prepared in the ground state of the Hamiltonian with a different Hubbard interaction. A full exact diagonalization is adopted to study the zero temperature phase diagram in equilibrium, which is shown to be in good agreement with previous studies using density matrix renormalization group (DMRG).” See the full list of authors and read their research in ArXiv.
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Music is good for the brain, and not just among professionals
This study, “Musical Experience Relates to Insula-Based Functional Connectivity in Older Adults,” a collaboration between the department of physical therapy, the department of music and the department of psychology at Northeastern University, in addition to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, looked at “general musical experiences” across a subject’s lifespan, particularly in older adults. Their findings show that “older adults with more musical experience showed greater functional connectivity” between insulae and various regions of the brain. “Sensorimotor function and cognitive control” especially seem to benefit. See the full list of authors and read their research in Brain Sciences.
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Advances made against trypanosomiasis, ‘sleeping sickness’
Researchers compared the perturbations of proteins in response to two treatments to human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness. The workflow identified the differences between NEU-4438 (“a lead for the development of drugs against Trypanosoma brucei,” the parasite responsible for sleeping sickness) and acoziborole, a more common treatment. See the full list of authors and read their research paper at iScience: “Hypothesis-generating proteome perturbation to identify NEU-4438 and acoziborole modes of action in the African Trypanosome.”
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Photography for the past and present at San Francisco subway station
Mills photography professor Catherine Wagner installation “Arc Cycle” was on display at the Yerba Buena/Moscone Subway Station in San Francisco. The work “aims to reflect San Francisco’s past and present.” Professor Wagner was interviewed about the installation in the San Francisco Chronicle Datebook.
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‘Scaling Laws for Two-Dimensional Dendritic Crystal Growth in a Narrow Channel’
“We investigate analytically and computationally the dynamics of 2D needle crystal growth from the melt in a narrow channel. Our analytical theory predicts that, in the low supersaturation limit, the growth velocity V decreases in time t as a power law V∼t−2/3, which we validate by phase-field and dendritic-needle-network simulations.” See the full list of authors and read this pre-print at ArXiv.
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Functional insights into protein signaling
This review in the journal Life provides “Functional Insights into Protein Kinase A (PKA) Signaling from C. elegans.” PhD. students Fereshteh Sadeghian and Perla Castaneda, along with postdoctoral researcher Mustafi Amin and professor of biology Erin Cram, write that Caenorhabditis elegans, an unsegmented nematode, “provides a powerful genetic platform for understanding how [PKA] can regulate an astounding variety of physiological responses.”
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Better diagnoses for visual vergence disorders
Common vergence disorders, characterized by instability between a subject’s eyes as they try to focus on an object (convergence and divergence), can be diagnosed by examining the horizontal fusional reserves of the eye. This study looks at “Infrared eyetracking technology [which] shows promise for obtaining automated and objective measurements of fusional reserves.” This paper is the result of an international collaboration with the University of Auckland, New Zealand. See the full list of authors and read their research, “Objective estimation of fusional reserves using infrared eye tracking: the digital fusion-range test,” in Clinical and Experimental Optometry.
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Coastal upwelling helps delicate species survive
This article is an important addition to our understanding of species abundance and distribution—a subject becoming ever more important with ongoing climate change. For this study, researchers used “wavelet analysis” to examine sixteen intertidal zones along the the coast of Europe. Results show that “upwelling”—a process that brings deep, cold water to the surface—produces refuges for thermally delicate species by mitigating rising temperatures. See the full list of authors and read “Coastal upwelling generates cryptic temperature refugia” in Nature.
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‘Effect of Dissolved Humic Acids and Coated Humic Acids on Tetracycline Adsorption by K₂CO₃-Activated Magnetic Biochar’
“Humic acids (HAs) widely exist in water environment, and has an important impact on the adsorption of pollutants. Herein, HAs (both dissolved and coated) was employed to assess the effect on the removal of the organic contaminant tetracycline (TC) by K2CO3 modified magnetic biochar (KMBC). Results showed that low concentration of dissolved HAs promoted TC removal, likely due to a bridging effect, while higher concentration of dissolved HAs inhibited TC adsorption because of the competition of adsorption sites on KMBC.” Find the paper and the full list of authors in Scientific Reports.
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What is ‘Wasta,’ and how does it affect business in the Arab world?
“Recent research examines business practices in the Arab world and how they differ from Western practices. Wasta is a practice in Arab society where people use their personal relationships to gain favor… Foreign firm managers operating in Arab societies will need to develop a solid understanding of the practice and its different perceptions among varying Arab groups in order to be successful in conducting business in the Arab world.” Find the paper and the full list of authors at the Insights @ Center for Emerging Markets.
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Bribery and the ‘new normal’ in transition economies
“Recent research examines 310 privately owned small and medium-sized companies from 22 transition economies in Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Republics to see how the payment of bribes affects entrepreneur perceptions of the business environment. Those who more frequently pay bribes create a “new normal” business environment that is perceived as increasingly harsh. However, for entrepreneurs who infrequently bribe, their ‘new normal’ is likely to be perceived as more supportive of business.” Read “How Bribe-Payers Create a ‘New Normal’ of Corruption in Transition Economies” and see the full list of authors at the Insights @ Center for Emerging Markets.
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Will eating (certain) plants increase cognitive health in children? This study hopes to find out
With “Enhancing children’s cognitive function and achievement through carotenoid consumption: The Integrated Childhood Ocular Nutrition Study (iCONS) protocol,” researchers hope to discover the effect of carotenoids (plant pigments) on preadolescence. Carotenoids have been shown to positively impact cognition in adults, and this proposed, placebo-controlled, double-blind study will by the first to study the effect of two of these pigments—lutein and zeaxanthin—on preadolescents. Their hypothesis states, “children receiving the carotenoid supplement will exhibit greater gains in cognitive function and achievement relative to the waitlist placebo group.” Find the full list of authors and their research in Contemporary Clinical Trials.
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Understanding the photochemistry of solar panel systems
Norbornadiene is a hydrocarbon useful in storing solar energy due to its “high energy storage density,” but much of the mechanism by which it functions is not understood. In “Multiconfigurational Calculations and Photodynamics Describe Norbornadiene Photochemistry,” the authors “present a full computational study on the excited-state deactivation mechanism of [norbornadiene] in the gas phase.” Find the paper and the full list of authors at ChemRxiv.
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Breakthrough in potential treatments for opioid use disorders
This paper investigates the “CB1 receptors,” and identified an antagonist to that receptor, AM4113, which “effectively blocked fentanyl discrimination” in male rats. The results of the study show that “targeting CB1 receptors might be a viable approach to develop new medications for opioid use disorders.” Read “Effects of the cannabinoid CB1-receptor neutral antagonist AM4113 and antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant on fentanyl discrimination in male rats” and find the full list of authors in Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
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Audit disclosures remain ‘highly relevant’ to investors
In this article on the impact that audit disclosures have on investors and their judgments, the authors take “a ‘what if’ exploratory public policy perspective of evaluating the potential effects on investors’ audit quality judgments and investment decisions.” They use two experiments to “manipulate: inspection reporting… and inspection selection method,” ultimately finding “that disclosure of audit strengths is highly relevant to investment decisions.” Read “An Examination of the Effects of PCAOB Inspection Selection Method and Disclosure of Audit Strengths on Investor Judgments” and see the full list of authors in Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory.
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Memory and culture at Queens College Colloquium
Associate Dean Christie Chung gave a talk at Queens College, New York, on October 31, 2022, entitled, “A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Age-related Positivity Effect in Memory.” The talk was based on her research, published in the International Journal of Aging and Human Development.
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How young people think about AI, and how to help them understand it
Youth often claim that they don’t “trust” artificial intelligence, but the authors of this research studied actual youth understanding of how AI works, and instantiated a program that “deepened their understanding of AI” and “empowered them to creatively express their understandings and apprehensions about AI.” Participants in the study were primarily BIPOC and from underprivileged backgrounds, with lessened access to STEM fields. See the full list of authors and read their research paper, “In the Black Mirror: Youth Investigations into Artificial Intelligence,” in ACM Transactions on Computing Education.
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‘De Novo Asymmetric Achmatowicz Approach to Oligosaccharide Natural Products’
“The development and application of the asymmetric synthesis of oligosaccharides from achiral starting materials is reviewed. This de novo asymmetric approach centers around the use of asymmetric catalysis for the synthesis of optically pure furan alcohols in conjunction with Achmatowicz oxidative rearrangement for the synthesis of various pyranones.” Find the paper and the full list of authors at Chemical Communications.
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Measuring how early-life trauma affects anxiety
This studies deepens our understanding of the connection between “Early life adversity” and “the incidence of later-life anxiety disorders.” By measuring the ultrasonic vocalizations of rats separated from their mothers at early stages, they identify the effects this separation can have later in life. The paper also measures the differing responses between male and female rats. Read “Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat” and find the full list of authors in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.
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Collecting the microbiomes of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems
So-called “blue carbon” ecosystems are marine environments that serve as valuable carbon sinks, and are thus vital aids against climate change. Their effectivity, however, “is strongly influenced by the metabolism of soil-associated microbes.” As genetic sequencing technologies continue to improve, scientists can collect “tremendous amounts of data on what taxa comprise belowground microbial assemblages.” This paper provides a “toolbox… for the acquisition, management, and integration of Blue Carbon-associated sequencing data and metadata to potentially elucidate novel mechanisms behind Blue Carbon dynamics.” Read “Pathways for Understanding Blue Carbon Microbiomes with Amplicon Sequencing,” and see the full list of authors in Microorganisms.
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How to handle your frogs: An introduction to eggs and embryos
This topic introduction by Dean of the College of Science Hazel Sive, along with Richard Harland (University of California, Berkeley), describes the process for obtaining Xenopus laevis and tropicalis, varieties of clawed frogs. The article covers everything from how to handle the frogs, how to obtain healthy eggs, in vitro fertilization of the eggs, and how to raise tadpoles. Read this introduction, titled “Obtaining Xenopus Eggs and Embryos,” at CSH Protocols.
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‘Deformation Spaces, Rescaled Bundles and the Kirillov Character Formula’
Written by professor of mathematics Maxim Braverman and Zelevinsky postdoctoral fellow Ahmad Reza Haj Saeedi Sadegh. “In this paper, we construct a smooth vector bundle over the deformation to the normal cone DNC(V,M) through a rescaling of a vector bundle E→V, which generalizes the construction of the spinor rescaled bundle over the tangent groupoid by Nigel Higson and Zelin Yi. We also provide an equivariant version of their construction. As the main application, we recover the Kirillov character formula for the equivariant index of Dirac-type operators.” Find their paper and the full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘A Lemma of Lazarsfeld and the Jacobian Blow Up’
“For a complex analytic function f, the exceptional divisor of the jacobian blow-up is of great importance. In this paper, we show what a lemma from the thesis of Lazarsfeld tells one about the structure of this exceptional divisor.” Find the paper at ArXiv.
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How financial assistance affects entrepreneurial decision making
In addressing the crises facing modern society—like climate change, or income inequality—”economic development plays a key role.” This research “seeks to understand how different types of aid affect the strategic choices local firms and entrepreneurs make in the assisted markets, as well as the resulting outcomes. ” Read the article and see the full list of authors at the Insights @ Center for Emerging Markets.