Title
Topic
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‘Relaxed Octahedral Group Convolution for Learning Symmetry Breaking in 3D Physical Systems’
“Deep equivariant models use symmetries to improve sample efficiency and generalization. However, the assumption of perfect symmetry in many of these models can sometimes be restrictive, especially when the data does not perfectly align with such symmetries. Thus, we introduce relaxed octahedral group convolution for modeling 3D physical systems in this paper. This flexible convolution technique provably allows the model to both maintain the highest level of equivariance that is consistent with data and discover the subtle symmetry-breaking factors in the physical systems.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘An Example of (Too Much) Hyper-Parameter Tuning in Suicide Ideation Detection’
“This work starts with the TWISCO baseline, a benchmark of suicide-related content from Twitter. We find that hyper-parameter tuning can improve this baseline by 9%. We examined 576 combinations of hyper-parameters: learning rate, batch size, epochs and date range of training data. Reasonable settings of learning rate and batch size produce better results than poor settings.” Find the paper and full list of authors in the Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.
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‘Unified Concept Editing in Diffusion Models’
“Text-to-image models suffer from various safety issues that may limit their suitability for deployment. Previous methods have separately addressed individual issues of bias, copyright and offensive content in text-to-image models. However, in the real world, all of these issues appear simultaneously in the same model. We present a method that tackles all issues with a single approach. Our method, Unified Concept Editing (UCE), edits the model without training using a closed-form solution and scales seamlessly to concurrent edits on text-conditional diffusion models.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘A Function Interpretation Benchmark for Evaluating Interpretability Methods’
“Labeling neural network submodules with human-legible descriptions is useful for many downstream tasks: such descriptions can surface failures, guide interventions, and perhaps even explain important model behaviors. To date, most mechanistic descriptions of trained networks have involved small models, narrowly delimited phenomena, and large amounts of human labor. Labeling all human-interpretable sub-computations in models of increasing size and complexity will almost certainly require tools that can generate and validate descriptions automatically. … This paper introduces FIND (Function INterpretation and Description), a benchmark suite for evaluating the building blocks of automated interpretability methods.” Find the paper and authors list at ArXiv.
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‘The Arrangement of Marks Impacts Afforded Messages: Ordering, Partitioning, Spacing and Coloring in Bar Charts’
“Data visualizations present a massive number of potential messages to an observer. … The message that a viewer tends to notice — the message that a visualization ‘affords’ — is strongly affected by how values are arranged in a chart, e.g., how the values are colored or positioned. … We present a set of empirical evaluations of how different messages … are afforded by variations in ordering, partitioning, spacing and coloring of values, within the ubiquitous case study of bar graphs. In doing so, we introduce a quantitative method that is easily scalable, reviewable and replicable.” Find the paper and…
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‘Mechanic Maker 2.0: Reinforcement Learning for Evaluating Generated Rules’
“Automated game design (AGD), the study of automatically generating game rules, has a long history in technical games research. AGD approaches generally rely on approximations of human play, either objective functions or AI agents. Despite this, the majority of these approximators are static, meaning they do not reflect human player’s ability to learn and improve in a game. In this paper, we investigate the application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) as an approximator for human play for rule generation.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘E(2)-Equivariant Graph Planning for Navigation’
“Learning for robot navigation presents a critical and challenging task. The scarcity and costliness of real-world datasets necessitate efficient learning approaches. In this letter, we exploit Euclidean symmetry in planning for 2D navigation, which originates from Euclidean transformations between reference frames and enables parameter sharing. To address the challenges of unstructured environments, we formulate the navigation problem as planning on a geometric graph and develop an equivariant message passing network to perform value iteration. Furthermore, to handle multi-camera input, we propose a learnable equivariant layer to lift features to a desired space.” Find the paper and authors list at ArXiv.
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‘GME: GPU-based Microarchitectural Extensions To Accelerate Homomorphic Encryption’
“Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables the processing of encrypted data without decrypting it. … Despite its promise of strong data privacy and security guarantees, FHE introduces a slowdown of up to five orders of magnitude as compared to the same computation using plaintext data. This overhead is presently a major barrier to the commercial adoption of FHE. In this work, we leverage GPUs to accelerate FHE, capitalizing on a well-established GPU ecosystem available in the cloud.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘Dropout Attacks’
“Dropout is a common operator in deep learning, aiming to prevent overfitting by randomly dropping neurons during training. This paper introduces a new family of poisoning attacks against neural networks named DROPOUTATTACK. DROPOUTATTACK attacks the dropout operator by manipulating the selection of neurons to drop instead of selecting them uniformly at random. We design, implement, and evaluate four DROPOUTATTACK variants that cover a broad range of scenarios. These attacks can slow or stop training, destroy prediction accuracy of target classes, and sabotage either precision or recall of a target class.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘O(k) -Equivariant Dimensionality Reduction on Stiefel Manifolds’
“Many real-world datasets live on high-dimensional Stiefel and Grassmannian manifolds, Vk(ℝN) and Gr(k,ℝN) respectively, and benefit from projection onto lower-dimensional Stiefel (respectively, Grassmannian) manifolds. In this work, we propose an algorithm called Principal Stiefel Coordinates (PSC) to reduce data dimensionality from Vk(ℝN) to Vk(ℝn) in an O(k)-equivariant manner (k≤n≪N).” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘”It’s a Fair Game”, or Is It? Examining How Users Navigate Disclosure Risks and Benefits When Using LLM-Based Conversational Agents’
“The widespread use of Large Language Model (LLM)-based conversational agents (CAs), especially in high-stakes domains, raises many privacy concerns. Building ethical LLM-based CAs that respect user privacy requires an in-depth understanding of the privacy risks that concern users the most. However, existing research, primarily model-centered, does not provide insight into users’ perspectives. To bridge this gap, we analyzed sensitive disclosures in real-world ChatGPT conversations and conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 LLM-based CA users. We found that users are constantly faced with trade-offs between privacy, utility, and convenience when using LLM-based CAs.” Find the paper and list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘Talk2Care: Facilitating Asynchronous Patient-Provider Communication With Large-Language-Model’
“Despite the plethora of telehealth applications to assist home-based older adults and healthcare providers, basic messaging and phone calls are still the most common communication methods, which suffer from limited availability, information loss, and process inefficiencies. One promising solution to facilitate patient-provider communication is to leverage large language models (LLMs) with their powerful natural conversation and summarization capability. However, there is a limited understanding of LLMs’ role during the communication. … We built an LLM-powered communication system, Talk2Care, and designed interactive components for both [older adults and healthcare providers].” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘Metrics and Methods for Robustness Evaluation of Neural Networks With Generative Models’
“Recent studies have shown that modern deep neural network classifiers are easy to fool, assuming that an adversary is able to slightly modify their inputs. Many papers have proposed adversarial attacks, defenses and methods to measure robustness to such adversarial perturbations. However, most commonly considered adversarial examples are based on perturbations in the input space of the neural network that are unlikely to arise naturally. … In this paper, we propose several metrics to measure robustness of classifiers to natural adversarial examples, and methods to evaluate them.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘Predicting GPU Failures With High Precision Under Deep Learning Workloads’
“Graphics processing units (GPUs) are the de facto standard for processing deep learning (DL) tasks. In large-scale GPU clusters, GPU failures are inevitable and may cause severe consequences. For example, GPU failures disrupt distributed training, crash inference services, and result in service level agreement violations. In this paper, we study the problem of predicting GPU failures using machine learning (ML) models to mitigate their damages.” Find the paper and full list of authors in the Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Systems and Storage.
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‘Building Better Human-Agent Teams: Tradeoffs in Helpfulness and Humanness in Voice’
“We manipulate the helpfulness and voice type of a voice-only agent teammate to examine subjective and objective outcomes in twenty teams with one agent and at least three humans during a problem solving task. Our results show that agent helpfulness, but not the humanness of the agent’s voice, significantly alters perceptions of agent intelligence and trust in agent teammates, as well as affects team performance. Additionally, we find that the humanness of an agent’s voice negatively interacts with agent helpfulness to flip its effect on perceived anthropomorphism and perceived animacy.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘NNSmith: Generating Diverse and Valid Test Cases for Deep Learning Compilers’
“Deep-learning (DL) compilers such as TVM and TensorRT are increasingly being used to optimize deep neural network (DNN) models to meet performance, resource utilization and other requirements. Bugs in these compilers can result in models whose semantics differ from the original ones, producing incorrect results that corrupt the correctness of downstream applications. … In this work, we propose a new fuzz testing approach for finding bugs in deep-learning compilers.” Find the paper and full list of authors at in the Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems.
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‘Symmetric Models for Visual Force Policy Learning’
“While it is generally acknowledged that force feedback is beneficial to robotic control, applications of policy learning to robotic manipulation typically only leverage visual feedback. Recently, symmetric neural models have been used to significantly improve the sample efficiency and performance of policy learning across a variety of robotic manipulation domains. This paper explores an application of symmetric policy learning to visual-force problems. We present Symmetric Visual Force Learning (SVFL), a novel method for robotic control which leverages visual and force feedback.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘LLM-Powered Conversational Voice Assistants: Interaction Patterns, Opportunities, Challenges, and Design Guidelines’
“Conventional Voice Assistants (VAs) rely on traditional language models to discern user intent and respond to their queries, leading to interactions that often lack a broader contextual understanding, an area in which Large Language Models (LLMs) excel. However, current LLMs are largely designed for text-based interactions, thus making it unclear how user interactions will evolve if their modality is changed to voice. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs can enrich VA interactions via an exploratory study … with varied constraints, stakes and objectivity.” Find the paper and full list of authors at ArXiv.
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‘Rethinking Human-AI Collaboration in Complex Medical Decision Making: A Case Study in Sepsis Diagnosis’
“Today’s AI systems for medical decision support often succeed on benchmark datasets in research papers but fail in real-world deployment. This work focuses on the decision making of sepsis, an acute life-threatening systematic infection. … Our aim is to explore the design requirements for AI systems that can support clinical experts in making better decisions for the early diagnosis of sepsis. … We argue that a human-centered AI system needs to support human experts in the intermediate stages of a medical decision-making process, … instead of focusing only on the final decision.” Find the paper and full list of authors…
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‘Genomic Signatures of Disease Resistance in Endangered Staghorn Corals’
“White band disease (WBD) has caused unprecedented declines in the Caribbean Acropora corals, which are now listed as critically endangered species. Highly disease-resistant Acropora cervicornis genotypes exist, but the genetic underpinnings of disease resistance are not understood. Using transmission experiments, a newly assembled genome and whole-genome resequencing of 76 A. cervicornis genotypes from Florida and Panama, we identified 10 genomic regions and 73 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with disease resistance and that include functional protein-coding changes in four genes involved in coral immunity and pathogen detection.” Find the paper and full list of authors in Science.
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‘Electric Shock Causes a Fleeing-Like Persistent Behavioral Response in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans’
“Behavioral persistency reflects internal brain states, which are the foundations of multiple brain functions. However, experimental paradigms enabling genetic analyses of behavioral persistency and its associated brain functions have been limited. Here, we report novel persistent behavioral responses caused by electric stimuli in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. When the animals on bacterial food are stimulated by alternating current, their movement speed suddenly increases 2- to 3-fold, persisting for more than 1 minute even after a 5-second stimulation.” Find the paper and full list of authors at Genetics.
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‘Tuning the Default Mode Network With Behavioral Interventions To Address the Youth Mental Health Crisis’
” The surging demand for adolescent mental health care has been declared a crisis by the US Surgeon General, UK and European health officials and pediatric health organizations. Demand for mental health services has broadly outstripped capacity, reducing access to current gold-standard treatments, which, although lifesaving for many, are only effective for a minority of those who use them. Thus, scalable interventions — ideally deployable within and outside clinical settings — are needed to reduce suffering and improve functional outcomes for adolescents.” Find the paper and full list of authors at Nature Mental Health.
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‘Lensing in the Blue. II. Estimating the Sensitivity of Stratospheric Balloons to Weak Gravitational Lensing’
“The Superpressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) is a diffraction-limited, wide-field, 0.5 m, near-infrared to near-ultraviolet observatory designed to exploit the stratosphere’s space-like conditions. SuperBIT’s 2023 science flight will deliver deep, blue imaging of galaxy clusters for gravitational lensing analysis. … We validate our pipeline and forecast SuperBIT survey properties with simulated galaxy cluster observations in SuperBIT’s near-UV and blue bandpasses. We predict imaging depth, galaxy number (source) density and redshift distribution for observations in SuperBIT’s three bluest filters; the effect of lensing sample selections is also considered.” Find the paper and full list of authors at The Astronomical Journal.
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‘Functional Annotation of Haloacid Dehalogenase Superfamily Structural Genomics Proteins’
“Haloacid dehalogenases (HAD) are members of a large superfamily that includes many Structural Genomics proteins with poorly characterized functionality. This superfamily consists of multiple types of enzymes that can act as sugar phosphatases, haloacid dehalogenases, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolases, ATPases or phosphate monoesterases. Here we report on predicted functional annotations and experimental testing by direct biochemical assay for Structural Genomics proteins from the HAD superfamily.” Find the paper and full list of authors at The Biochemical Journal.
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‘Targeting Default Mode Network Connectivity With Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback: A Pilot Study Among Adolescents With Affective Disorder History’
“Adolescents experience high rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), however, gold standard treatments are only effective for ∼50% of youth. There is a critical need to develop novel interventions that target neural mechanisms believed to potentiate depressive symptoms.” Find the paper and full list of authors at Biological Psychiatry.
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‘Large Depth Differences Between Target and Flankers Can Increase Crowding: Evidence From a Multi-Depth Plane Display’
“Crowding occurs when the presence of nearby features causes highly visible objects to become unrecognizable. Although crowding has implications for many everyday tasks and the tremendous amounts of research reflect its importance, surprisingly little is known about how depth affects crowding. Most available studies show that stereoscopic disparity reduces crowding, indicating that crowding may be relatively unimportant in three-dimensional environments. … Using a novel multi-depth plane display, this study investigated how large, real differences in target-flanker depth, representative of those experienced between many objects in the real world, affect crowding.” Find the paper and full list of authors at eLife…
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Why can’t scientists reproduce each other’s experiments? This researcher is developing infrastructure that ensures they can
Assistant professor of computer science Jonathan Bell is part of a multi-university team of researchers developing “a community infrastructure” to help scientists write software that will be more reproducible, ensuring accuracy within experiments and increasing confidence in scientific results across the board.